| Department of Industrial Relations (JPP) | Section 20 unfair dismissal representations — the compulsory first stop, within 60 days | Conciliation meeting within weeks; a large share of well-prepared claims settle here |
| Industrial Court | References that survive conciliation; union recognition, CA and non-compliance disputes | Pleadings, witness statements, hearing; awards convention: backwages ≤ 24 months + 1 month per year of service |
| Labour Court (JTK) | Employment Act money claims — wages, overtime, termination benefits, maternity protections | Fast, computation-driven, no strict formality; decisions enforceable as court orders |
| Civil courts | Contractual wrongful dismissal, restraint and confidentiality disputes, judicial review of awards | Ordinary litigation timelines; judicial review within 3 months of an award under Order 53 |
| Anti-Sexual Harassment Tribunal | Sexual harassment claims under the ASH Act 2022, alongside workplace routes | Tribunal procedure, compensation and other orders; no lawyers' monopoly, advice still decisive |